IgA Nephropathy: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Explained

IgA nephropathy, also known as Berger’s disease, is a chronic kidney disorder marked by the buildup of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli—the tiny filtering units of the kidneys. These deposits trigger inflammation and gradually impair the kidneys’ ability to filter waste and excess fluid. While the disease often progresses slowly, it can lead to end-stage kidney disease in some cases, making early diagnosis and proper management essential.

What Causes IgA Nephropathy?

The exact cause of IgA nephropathy remains unclear, but it’s thought to be an autoimmune disorder. The immune system produces abnormal IgA antibodies, which accumulate in the kidneys and cause inflammation and scarring.

Risk factors include:



  • Genetics: The condition often runs in families




  • Infections: Especially of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract




  • Gender: More common in males




  • Age: Most frequently diagnosed between the late teens and mid-30s



Common Symptoms of IgA Nephropathy

Symptoms vary based on how severely the kidneys are affected. Some people have no symptoms for years, while others show signs early on. Common symptoms include:



  • Blood in the urine (hematuria), which may appear pink or cola-colored




  • Foamy urine from protein leakage (proteinuria)




  • Swelling in the hands, feet, or face due tofluid retention




  • High blood pressure




  • Fatigue and reduced urine output in more advanced stages



Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy

Because symptoms can be subtle, IgA nephropathy is often first detected during routine urine tests. Diagnosis involves:



  • Urinalysis: Checks for blood and protein in the urine




  • Blood tests: Assess kidney function (creatinine and BUN levels)




  • Imaging: Ultrasound to evaluate kidney size and detect abnormalities




  • Kidney biopsy: The definitive test that confirms IgA deposits and glomerular damage



Lifestyle Changes and Management

Lifestyle modifications are crucial for slowing disease progression and protecting kidney function:



  • Control blood pressure, especially with ACE inhibitors or ARBs




  • Follow a low-sodium, kidney-friendly diet




  • Avoid NSAIDs, which may worsen kidney damage




  • Maintain a healthy weight and exercise regularly




  • Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake



Prognosis

The progression of IgA nephropathy varies. Many patients maintain stable kidney function for years with proper care, while others may experience a gradual decline. Consistent monitoring and timely interventions are key to better long-term outcomes.

Conclusion

IgA nephropathy is a chronic but manageable kidney disease. While there is no cure, early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and healthy lifestyle choices can significantly slow progression. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is vital for managing symptoms and preserving kidney function over time.