IgA Nephropathy: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

IgA nephropathy, also known as Berger’s disease, is a chronic kidney disorder characterized by the accumulation of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the glomeruli — the tiny filtering units within the kidneys. These deposits lead to inflammation, impairing the kidneys’ ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood. While the disease progresses slowly in many cases, it can lead to end-stage kidney disease in others, making early diagnosis and proper management crucial.

What Causes IgA Nephropathy?

The exact cause of IgA nephropathy is not fully known. However, it is believed to be an autoimmune condition in which the immune system produces defective IgA antibodies. These abnormal IgA molecules accumulate in the kidneys, causing inflammation and scarring over time.

Several risk factors have been associated with the disease:



  • Genetics — often runs in families




  • Infections — especially respiratory or gastrointestinal infections




  • Gender — more common in males




  • Age — typically appears between late teens and mid-30s



Common Symptoms of IgA Nephropathy

Symptoms of IgA nephropathy can vary greatly depending on the severity of kidney involvement. Some individuals may live for years without any noticeable signs, while others may develop symptoms early on. Key symptoms include:



  • Blood in the urine (hematuria), which may appear pink or cola-colored




  • Foamy urine due to protein leakage (proteinuria)




  • Swelling in the hands, feet, or face due to fluidretention




  • High blood pressure




  • Fatigue and decreased urine output in advanced stages



Diagnosis of IgA Nephropathy

Diagnosing IgA nephropathy requires a combination of laboratory tests and imaging studies. Because symptoms may be subtle in the early stages, the condition is often discovered during routine urine tests. The main diagnostic steps include:



  • Urinalysis: Detects hematuria and proteinuria




  • Blood Tests: Evaluate kidney function through creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels




  • Imaging: Ultrasound to examine kidney size and detect abnormalities




  • Kidney Biopsy: The definitive test, where a small sample of kidney tissue is examined for IgA deposits and damage to the glomeruli



Lifestyle Changes and Management

Lifestyle changes play an important role in managing IgA nephropathy and maintaining kidney health:



  • Maintain healthy blood pressure levels




  • Adopt a low-sodium, kidney-friendly diet




  • Avoid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)




  • Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight




  • Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake



Prognosis

The outlook for patients with IgA nephropathy varies. Many individuals maintain normal kidney function for years with proper care, while others may experience gradual decline. Regular monitoring and early treatment can greatly improve long-term outcomes.

Conclusion

IgA nephropathy is a chronic kidney condition that can range from mild to severe. Although there is no cure, timely diagnosis, effective treatment, and lifestyle changes can slow progression and preserve kidney function. Regular follow-ups with healthcare providers are essential for managing the condition and maintaining overall health.