Immunodeficiency is a condition where the immune system fails to function properly, increasing vulnerability to infections. These disorders are classified into two main types: Primary Immunodeficiency (PI), which results from genetic abnormalities, and Secondary Immunodeficiency, which arises due to external causes like certain diseases or medications.
Treatment Goals and Approach
The primary goal in treating immunodeficiency is to prevent infections and correct the underlying immune problem. Treatment plans vary based on the type and severity of the disorder but generally focus on immune support and infection control.
Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy
For many patients with PI who cannot produce enough antibodies, immunoglobulin (Ig) replacement therapy is the standard treatment. This therapy supplies the body with antibodies collected from healthy donors, helping patients fight off infections more effectively.
There are two main delivery methods:
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): Given in a clinical setting every 3 to 4 weeks. Sessions are longer but less frequent.
Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin (SCIG): Administered at home, usually once or twice a week. This allows for more steady antibody levels and greater independence.
Curative Options for Severe Cases
For the most severe types of PI, some patients may be eligible for treatments that aim to rebuild or correct the immune system.
HematopoieticStem Cell Transplantation (HSCT): Also called a bone marrow transplant, this procedure replaces the patient’s defective immune stem cells with healthy ones from a matched donor. A successful transplant can lead to permanent immune recovery. However, donor availability remains a key challenge.
Gene Therapy: As of 2025, gene therapy is approved for a limited number of rare PIs such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). This method involves correcting the defective gene in the patient’s own stem cells, then reinfusing them to restore immune function. It removes the need for a donor and can potentially offer a lifelong solution.
Preventive and Targeted Therapies
Alongside core treatments, many patients receive prophylactic medications to prevent infections. These may include antibiotics, antivirals, or antifungals, depending on the patient’s risk level.
Additionally, newer targeted therapies are becoming available. In cases where immune dysfunction is tied to specific biological pathways, biologic drugs such as JAK inhibitors may be used to restore immune balance without broad immunosuppression.
Moving Forward with Modern Options
Living with an immunodeficiency requires careful management, but medical advances have significantly improved the outlook. From routine antibody infusions to cutting-edge gene therapies, patients today have access to a range of strategies that support immune health and reduce infection risks.